(7)始動性動詞表明在某一時刻上發生的過渡和變化。它與表明在某一段時間内發生持續動作的延續性動詞所包含的概念不同。始動性動詞是與表示時刻(point of time)概念的時間狀語相連用的;而延續性動詞是與表示時段(period of time)概念的時間狀語相連用的。表示時刻概念的時間狀語,要用at,ago,not…till/until 等詞;表示時段概念的時間狀語,要用 for,till/until等詞,兩者不可混淆,例如:
62)a.He returned home at ten o'clock in the evening.
b.He returned home at as late as ten o'clock in the evening.
c.He didn't return home till/until ten o'clock in the evening.
(他到晚上十點才回到家。)
63) a.The child didn't stop crying until/till his mother was back.
b.The child cried until/till his mother was back.
(這孩子一直到媽媽回來才不哭了。/這孩子一直哭到媽媽回來。)
64)a.In summer it doesn't get dark till/until ten in the evenings.
b.In summer it stays light till/until ten in the evenings.
(夏天要到晚上十點才黑天。/夏季,天一直亮到晚上十點。)
65)a.Don't take the notice off the board till/until everyone's seen it.
b.Keep the notice on the board till/until everyone's seen it.
(等大家都看過了,再把這布告從布告欄取下來。/讓布告一直貼在布告欄裡,使大家都能看到。)
66)a.He left home three days ago.
b.He has been away from home for three days.
(他三天前離家的。/他離家三天了。)
67)a.He began to study English two years ago.
b.He has studied English to two years.
(他兩年前開始學英語。/他學英語兩年了。)
由上述可見:始動性動詞必須與表示時刻概念的時間狀語連用,而隻有延續性動詞才可以與表示時段概念的時間狀語相連用,否則就會犯錯誤,例如:
68)a.He went to Paris for a short visit two weeks ago.
b.He has gone to Paris for a short visit for two weeks.(Impossible)
c.He has been in Paris for a short visit for two weeks.
d.Two weeks have passed since he went to Paris for a short visit.
(兩周前他去巴黎作短暫訪問。/他在巴黎作短暫訪問已有兩周了。/他去巴黎作短暫訪問已經兩周了。)
69)a.The guests arrived ten minutes ago.
b.The guests have arrived for ten minutes.(Impossible)
c.The guests have been for ten minutes.
d.Ten minutes have passed since the guests arrived.
(十分鐘前,客人們到了。/客人們已來了十分鐘了。/客人們到達後已經十分鐘了。)
(8)始動性動詞具有相應的靜态性形容詞(Static Adjective),前者表示過渡的動作,後者表示完成過渡動作後達到的結果或狀态,舉例如下:
Inchoative Verb Static Adjective
get angry/anger be angry
get broken be broken
get hurt be hurt
get married be married
get accustomed be accustomed
fall asleep be asleep
fall ill be ill
grow/get/become old be old
enlarge be large
thicken be thick
lengthen be long
dry be dry
die be dead
wake(up)/awake/
become awake/
awaken/waken be awake
go aground be aground
始動性動詞用于現在完成時,表示該過渡動作的結束或結果,變成了一種靜态,其意思相當于對應的靜态性形容詞,例如:
70)a.The fog has thickened.
b.The fog is now thick.
(霧濃了。)
71) a.The sky has darkened.
b.The sky has become dark.
c.The sky is now dark.
(天黑了。)
72)a.The old woman has died.
b.The old woman is now dead.
(老人死了。)
73)a.The ship has gone aground.
b.The ship is now fast aground.
(這艘船擱淺了。)
74)a.John has gone away from home.
b.John is now away from home.
(約翰離家走了。)
但是,有的始動性動詞沒有相應的靜态性形容詞,例如:
75)a.The boat has sunk.
b.This is a sunken boat.
c.The boat is wrecked.
d.This is a wreck.
(這小船沉了。)
有的靜态性形容詞沒有相應的始動性動詞,例如:
76)a.The boat is afloat.
b.The boat is floating.
c.This is a floating boat.
(小船在飄浮着。)
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