(9)始動性動詞與其相應的靜态性形容詞、及使役性動詞(Causative Verb)之間的密切關系,可以表現在下列公式中:
Present Perfect +Causative Verb= Present Perfect + Inchoative Verb=Present+Static Adjective
例如:
77)a.Mother has woken up the child.
b.The child has woken up.
c.The child is now awake.
(媽媽叫醒了孩子。/孩子醒了。)
78)a.The wind has dried the washing.
b.The washing has dried.
c.The washing is now dry.
(風吹幹了衣服/衣服幹了。)
應用上述公式的三個例句,都具有相同的功能,都是向人們宣布一件過渡動作已經完成、而對方還不知道的新鮮事,即announcing news,例如:
79)a.They have made/appointed/created/elected/nominated John a professor.
b.John has become a professor.
c.John is now a professor.
(他們任命約翰為教授。/約翰當教授了。)
80) a.The noise has driven Dick mad.
b.Dick has gone mad because of the noise.
c.Dick is now mad because of the noise.
(噪音吵得狄克頭腦發脹。/狄克給噪音弄得頭腦發脹。)
81) a.The farmer's wife has fattened(up) the pigs.
b.the farmer's wife has got the pigs fat/fatter.
c.The pigs have fattened.
d.The pigs have got fat/fatter.
e.The pigs are now fat/fatter.
(這農婦把豬養得肥肥的。/這些豬都很肥。)
82) a.They have sent the child to London.
b.The child has gone/come to London.
c.The child is now in London.
(他們把這孩子送到倫敦去了。/這個孩子已在倫敦。)
(10)始動性動詞與其相應的靜态性形容詞或靜态性動詞,還可以表現于下列公式中:
Past+Inchoative Verb= Present Perfect+ Static Adjective/Verb 例如:
83) a.John woke up ten minutes ago.
b.John has been awake for ten minutes,(約翰在十分鐘前醒了。/約翰已經睡醒十分鐘了。)
84)a.The old couple settled down in this village 30 years ago.
b.The old couple began to live in this village 30 years ago.
c.The old couple moved to this village 30 years ago.
d.The old couple have lived in this village for 30 years.
(這對老夫婦三十年前在這個村裡落戶。/這對老夫婦已在這個村裡住了三十年。)
上述例句表明這個公式的功能是說明在過去某一時刻發生的事件,對現在産生的結果。在這個公式裡,時間狀語是非常重要的。ago表明動作過去發生的時刻,for 表明該動作自發生至今所經曆的時間。又如:
85) a.The old man bought the car two years ago.
b.The old man has possessed the car for two years.
c.The old man has had the car in his possession for two years.
(這老人兩年前買了這輛車。/這老人擁有這輛車已經兩年了。)
86)a.Dick entered the university three months ago.
b.Dick became a student at the university three months ago.
c.Dick has studied at the university for three months.
d.Dick has been a student at the university for three months.
(狄克三個月前上大學了。/狄克上大學已經三個月了。)
(11)當作不及物動詞用的始動性動詞,如come,go,arrive,fall,rise,set,marry,grow等,其過去分詞可以出現于下列公式中:
Present Perject+Inchoative Verb(v.i)=Present+ p.p.(Inchoative Verb, v.i.)
例如:
87) a.Spring has come.
b.Spring is come.
(春天已經來了。)
88)a.The beer has all gone.
b.The beer is all gone.
(啤酒已經光了。)
這兩種用法,前者表示過渡動作已完成,後者表示過渡動作的結果。兩者都表示現在的狀态,實際區别不大,可以視為同義,又如:
89)a.The guests have all arrived.
b.The guests are all arrived.
(客人們都已到齊。)
90)a.The leaves have all fallen.
b.The leaves are all fallen.
(樹葉都落光了。)
91)a.The sun has risen.
b.The sun is risen.
(太陽已經升起。)
92)a.The moon has set.
b.The moon is set.
(月亮已經下山。)
93)a.They have married.
b.They are married.
(他們已經結婚了。)
94)a.The young trees have grown.
b.The young trees are grown.
(這些小樹長起來了。)
(12)始動性動詞大體可以分為:
(一)系動詞( Link Verb)
(二)行為型動詞(Act Verb)
- 上一篇:動态性動詞與靜态性動詞(21)
- 下一篇:動态性動詞與靜态性動詞(19)
學校主頁