第九章 助動詞

1. 助動詞的形式與作用

1)英語常用的助動詞(auxiliary verb)有shall，will，should，would，be，have，do等。助動詞一般無詞義，不能單獨作謂語動詞。助動詞在句中的作用，在于幫助構成各種時态、語态、語氣、否定和疑問結構等。如：
China has entered a great new era. 中國已進入了一個偉大的新時期。(幫助構成完成時态)
Some boys are playing on the grass. 一些男孩正在草地上玩。 (幫助構成進行時态)
Mother is written by Gorky. 《母親》是高爾基寫的。 (幫助構成被動語态)
We Shall have the football match if it does not rain.如果不下雨，我們就賽足球。(幫助構成将來時态和否定結構)
Do you see my point? 你明白我的意思嗎?(幫助構成疑問結構)
[注]在否定結構中，not須放在助動詞後面。

2)助動詞加not一般都有簡略式，用于口語中。如：
is not-isn't would not--wouldn't
are not--aren't [B:nt] have not--haven't
was not -- wasn't has not--hasn't
were not-- weren't [wE:nt] had not--hadn't
shall not--shan't [FB:nt] do not--don't [dEunt]
will not--won't [wEunt] does not--doesn't
should not--shouldn't did not--didn't

2. be助動詞
be的形式變化和動詞be。be作為助動詞的用法有下列幾種：
 
1)be後跟動詞的現在分詞 可以構成各種進行時态。如：
The driver is cleaning the car.司機在擦車。
Yesterday afternoon we were discussing a new plan.昨天下午我們在讨論一個新的計劃。
Women in our country are playing an important part in socialist construction.我國婦女在社會主義建設中正起着重要的作用。

2) be後跟動詞的過去分詞 可以構成被動語态。如：
A lot of consumer goods are made of nylon.許多消費品都是尼龍作的。
The Flower Show is usually held here in October. 花展通常于10月在此舉行。
The cinema will be closed for repair from March 3rd.影院自三月三日起修理内部停止營業。

3)be加動詞不定式 有下列各種用法：

a)表示未來的安排或計劃。如：
The delegation is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.代表團定于明天去上海。
I'm to be home before midnight.我午夜前一定回來。

b)表示必要或命令或問對方的意志。如：
You're to hand in your exercises tomorrow.你們明天要交練習。
Where am I to put these tools? 這些工具應該放在什麼地方?
What is to be done?怎麼辦?

c)表示"可能"，與can或may相仿。如：
I am not sure whether he is to turn up tonight.我不能斷定他今晚是否能來。
My key is nowhere to be found.我哪兒也找不着我的鑰匙。
d) be + about + 動詞不定式則表計劃即将，如：
The meeting is about to begin.會議即将開始。

have
的過去式是had。Have (had)作為助動詞和過去分詞一起，構成各種完成時态。如：
I have known Mr. Smith for four years.我認識史密斯先生已經四年了。
He has not made up his mind yet.他還沒有決定呢。
A woman came in with a baby，who had just swallowed a safety pin.一個婦女帶進來一個剛吞進一個别針的嬰兒。

[注] have的簡略式是've，has的簡略式是's，had的簡略式是'd，如
I've，you've，he's，I'd，we'd，he'd，they'd等。
do
的過去式是did。do (did)作為助動詞，有下列一些用法：

1)構成現在一般時和過去一般時的疑問句和否定句。如：
Do you know each other? 你們兩人認識嗎?
How do you find the climate here? 你覺得這裡的氣候怎麼樣?
She did not go to hospital after breakfast She went to work as usual.早飯後她沒有去醫院，她照常上班去了。

2)構成否定的祈使句。如：
Don't be so careless.不要那麼粗枝大葉。
Do not hesitate to come when you need help.有困難隻管來。

3)加強陳述句和祈使句的語氣。如：
I do think he is right.我确實認為他是對的。
Do come often.一定常來呀。
Do ask，if you have any questions.如果有問題，務必提出。

4)用于倒裝句中。如：
Only then did I understand the importance of science.隻是到了那時，我才了解到科學的重要性。
Never did I expect to see him there.我從未想到會在那裡看到他。

5)還可用來代替主要動詞，以避免重複。較常用在簡略答語中。如：
Does he also study geography?他也學地理嗎? ――Yes，he does.是的，他也學地理。
Did it snow a lot last week? ――Yes，it did。上星期雪下得多嗎? --是的，下得很多。
He works even harder than you do. 他比你還要用功。

[注] 上面最後一句中的do應喚作替代詞，隻是為了初學者的方便而放在助動詞項下。

3. shall和Will助動詞
shall本身沒有詞義，隻用在第一人稱的将來時态中(現多為will所代替)。在将來一般時中，shall後接動詞原形。如：
I shall think it over.我要好好考慮一下。
Don't worry. We shall tell you all about it.你别擔心。我們都會告訴你的。

1)助動詞will本身沒有詞義，隻用在第二、三人稱的将來時态中。will在将來一般時中後接動詞原形。如：
He will be twenty-five years old next month.他下個月将是二十五歲。
You will have an examination in English tomorrow.你們明天有英語考試。
The weather forecast says that there'll be heavy rain tomorrow.天氣預報明天有大雨。

2)should和would助動詞
should是shall的過去式，它本身沒有詞義，用于第一人稱的過去将來時态中(現多用would)。should在過去将來一般時中後接動詞原形。如：
We were told that we should sight the Treasure lsland that night. 我們被告知那天夜裡我們就要看見寶島了。

3)助動詞would是will的過去式，它本身沒有詞義，用于第二、三人稱的過去将來時态中。would在過去将來一般時中後接動詞原形。如：
He said that he would always remember that day.他說他将永遠記住那一天。