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學英語必看語法手冊十七
來源:太阳成tyc9728     發布時間:2011-09-06    作者:admin     攝影:     校對:無    審核:暫無  

第十章 情态動詞概述

1. 特征
1)情态動詞(modal verb)本身有詞義,表示說話人的語氣或情态,但詞義不完全,不能單獨用作謂語動詞,一般隻能和動詞原形一起構成謂語動詞。
2)情态動詞所表示的情态有:命令、允諾、請求、拒絕、願望、願意、義務、必要、可能、能力、敢于、需要等。
3)情态動詞(ought除外)和助動詞shall,will,should,would一樣,後面的動詞不定式一般皆不帶。

2. 形式變化

1)沒有人稱和數的變化,第三人稱單數的現在時也無變化。如:
I can We can
You can You can
He
They can
She can
It

2)有些情态動詞有過去式,有少數過去式和它的原形相同。

a)有過去式的情态動詞有:
may -- would
can ―― could
may―― night
shall -- should
have to -- had to
 
b)過去式不變的情态動詞有:
must - must (或had to)
ought to - ought to
need---need
dare - dare(亦可用dared)

3)大多數情态動詞後面可用動詞的進行式、完成式和被動形式,如:can(may,must)be doing,can(may,must) have done,can(may,must)be done等。

3. 否定式
情态動詞和助動詞一樣,後面可直接跟否定詞not。現将情态動詞的否定式及其否定式的簡略式(簡略式用于口語中)列舉如下:
shall not--shan't [FB:nt]
will not---won't [wEunt]
can not-can't [kB:nt]
must not-mustn't [5mQsnt]
should not-- shouldn't
would not-- wouldn't
could not-- couldn't
dare not- daren't [dZEnt]
need not-- needn't

4. 在疑問句中的用法
情态動詞在疑問句中的用法和助動詞相同。如:
May I ask you a question? 我可以問你一個問題嗎?
Can you let me use your dictionary for a minute? 你能把字典借我用一會兒嗎?
Would you like to visit the heavy machinery plant? 你想參觀重型機器廠嗎?
注意have to在疑問句中的位置。如:
Do you have to go out today? 你今天一定得出去嗎?
Does he have to finish the work tomorrow? 他明天非做完這項工作不可嗎?

一. 情态動詞--can, could 
 
1. can和could
1.1 can的詞義
表示體力或腦力方面的"能力"或客觀上的"可能"。如:
Can you ride a bike? Yes,I can.你能騎自行車嗎?是的,我能騎。
Can Mr. Smith use chopsticks? No,he can't . 史密斯先生會用筷子嗎?不,他不會。
Most women here can read and write now.這裡的多數婦女都能識字,也會寫字。
In China even barren mountains can be turned into fertile fields. 在中國,荒山也能變成良田。

1.2 can用在否定句和疑問句中時
在這種句子中,can常可意謂"可能",表示猜測和推理。如:
It surely can't be six o'clock already? 不可能已經六點鐘了吧?
You can't be hungry so soon,Tom. You've just had lunch. 頓姆,你不可能餓得這麼快,你剛吃過午飯。
She cannot be so careless. 她不可能這麼粗心。
Where can he be? 他會在什麼地方呢?
What can he mean? 他會是什麼意思呢?
It surely can't be six o'clock already? 不可能已經是六點鐘了吧?

[注一] can加動詞的進行時态,也可表示"可能"。如:
What can he be doing all this time? 他一直會是在幹什麼呢?
She cannot be playing ping-pong now.她現在不可能在打乒乓球。

[注二] 在日常會話中,can可代替may表示"允許",may比較正式,如:
You can drop in any time. 你随時都可以來串門。
Can I use your basin? of course,you can.我可以用你的臉盆嗎?--當然可以。
You can have my seat,I'm going now.我要走了,你坐我的座位吧。

2. Could
could是Can的過去式,表示與過去有關的1)能力和2)可能(在否定和疑問句中)。如:

1)We were sure that he could do the work. 我們肯定他能做這工作。
He was a farmhand. He could not afford to send his son to school. 他是個雇農,他供不起兒子上學。

2)At that time we thought the Story could not be true.那時我們以為所說的事不可能是真的。

[注] could可代替can表示現在,但語氣較為婉轉。如:
could you wait half an hour?請你等半個小時好嗎?
could you please ring up again at six? 六點鐘請你再來電話好嗎?
could we visit a kindergarten? I've been wanting to see one ever since I came to China.我們可以訪問一個幼兒園嗎?我自從到中國來以後,一直想看一所幼兒園。

[注二]表示過去的能力并已完成一具體動作時須用were (was) able (to),不可用could。如:
I am glad we were able to catch the train. 我很高興我們能趕上火車。但如未完成一具體動作,則可用could not。如:
I am sorry we couldn't (或weren't able to) catch the train.我很遺憾我們沒有能趕上火車。

3. can的形式
can隻有現在式can和過去式could兩種形式,能表示現在一般和過去一般兩種時态,有時也能表示将來。所有其他時态(包括将來)須用be able加動詞不定式來表示。如:
With their help, we shall be able to finish the work in a few days. 有他們的協助,我們将會在幾天之内完成這項工作。
They have not been able to come to Boston. 他們沒有能到波斯頓來。
Mr. Johnson rang up just now to Say that he won't be able to come over this evening.約翰遜先生剛來電話,說今天晚上他來不了。

4. can,could用于否定或疑問句中
can (could)用于否定或疑問句中後面跟動詞原形的完成式時,表示對過去發生事件的"可能性"。而could較can更加表示說話人的"不肯定的"語氣。如:
Can he have left already? 他會是走了嗎?
Could she have forgotten my address? 她會把我的地址忘記了嗎?
It couldn't have been henry. He has gone to the factory. 不可能是亨利,他已經去工廠了。
Surely she can not have arrived so early. 他當然不可能這麼早到這裡的。

[注] could加動詞的完成式時,有時表示"過去可能完成但事實上并沒有實現的動作"。如:
You could have done the work better.你本來可以做得更好些。(事實上你做得不那麼好)
You could have got the early train.你本來可以搭上早班火車的。(事實上沒搭上)