二.情态動詞--must
1. must的詞義
must表示"必須"或"應當"。如:
I must leave at 9:00我必須在九點鐘離開這裡。
Soldiers must obey orders.士兵必須服從命令。
You must get to the stallion before three o'clock. 你必須在三點鐘以前到達車站。
You must come earlier tomorrow.你明天得早點來。
2. must的否定式
must的否定形式must not表示"不應該"或"不許可",語氣比較強烈。如:
We mustn't waste our time. 我們不應該浪費我們的時間。
Passengers must not walk across the railway line.旅客不要橫穿鐵路。
You mustn't miss that modern ballet,It is extremely good. 你可不要錯過這個現代芭蕾舞劇,它好極了。
One must not divorce oneself from the masses.不應該脫離群衆。
[注]說"不必"須用need not。如:
Must we hand in our exercises today? -No,You needn't.我們必須今天交練習嗎? --不,不必今天交。
3. must也可表示過去
must隻有現在式,通常用以表示現在,但有時也可以表示過去(多用在間接引語中)。如:
He told us we must all be ready by nine.他告訴我們在九點鐘以前都得準備好。
It was too late to go back,we must go on.太晚了,回不去了,我們隻有繼續往前走。
[注] have to (必須)則可以表示各種時間。如:
I am afraid You will have to wait a while.我看你得等一會兒。At every step I had to pull my legs out of the snow.我每走一步都得将雙腿從雪中拔出來。
4. must也可表示說話人對事物的推測
但比may肯定得多,相當于漢語的"一定"或"準是"。如:
He must be in the library now. 他現在準是在圖書館。
The old man must be over seventy now.那老人準有七十多歲了。
She must know how to do farm work. 她一定懂得怎樣幹農活。
You ate very little at breakfast today. You must be hungry now.
你今天早餐吃得很少,現在一定餓了。
[注] must加動詞原形的進行式,也可表示對現在發生的動作的推測,有"一定"、"準是"的意思。如:
She must be working on the experimental plot.她現在一定在試驗田裡工作。
5. must加動詞原形的完成式
說明對過去事物的推測,表示"一定"或"準是"的意思。如:
I mailed the letter two weeks ago. She must have received it.
我是兩星期以前發的信,她一定已經收到了。
She must have studied English before. 她以前一定學過英語。
How did you know about it? Somebody must have told you. 你怎麼知道這事的?一定有人告訴你了。
三.情态動詞--may, might
1. may表示"允許"或"請求"
May I come in? -Yes,do. 我可以進來嗎?--請進。
May I borrow you raincoat? 我可以借用你的雨衣嗎?
You may go now. 你現在可以走了。
You may ring us up any time during office hours.在辦公時間你可以随時給我們打電話。
[注] may表示"允許"的否定形式是must not(不應該,不許可)。如:
May I take this book out of the reading-room? -No,you mustn't. 我可以把這本書拿出閱覽室嗎? --不行。
2. may還可表示說話人的猜測,認為某一事情"或許"或"可能"發生
We may call on you this evening.我們也許今天晚上來看你。
She may not go to the concert tonight.今晚她可能不去聽音樂會了。
The news may or may not be true. 消息也許是真的,也許不是真的。
[注] may用在感歎句中可表示祝願,願望如:
May you succeed.祝你成功。
May you have a pleasant journey.一路平安。
3. might為may的過去式
The speaker said we might ask him any question.作報告的人說我們可以向他提任何問題。
He said he might go to the Palace Museum on Sunday. 他說他星期天可能去參觀故宮博物院。
[注一]night也可代替may,表示現在,但語氣較為婉轉客氣或更加不肯定。如:
He night not come today.今天他也許不來了。
Might I make a suggestion? 我可以提個建議嗎?
[注二]might用來表示現在時,還可表示"規勸",如:
You might,pay more attention to spoken English.你要更多地注意英語口語。
You might shut the windows. The wind is blowing so hard outside.關上窗戶吧。外面風很大。
4. may (might)後加動詞的完成式
表示對過去的推測,認為某一事情在過去"可能"發生。這裡may和might都指過去,不過might較為含蓄委婉或更加不肯定(常用于肯定結構)。如:
Nick may (might) have gone to the library.尼克可能到圖書館去了。
Our manager may (might) have gone to Harbin last weekend.
我們的經理上周末可能已經去哈爾濱了。
She may (might) have missed the plane.她也許沒趕上飛機。
[注一] may和might常用在so that和in order that所引導的目的狀語從句中(現在英語中還經常用can)。如:
Write is in simple language in order that everybody may understand it. 為了大家都看得懂,你要用簡明的文字寫。
He died,so that others night 1iye.他為了别人而犧牲了。
[注二] might加動詞的完成式,可說明某一事情在過去沒有實現并含有"勸告"甚至"責備"的意思。如:
You might have told me earlier.你本來可以早點告訴我的。
You might have been more careful.你本來可以多加小心。
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