替代是一種避免重複的連接上下文的手段。在英語中主要有三種替代現象:名詞性替代、動詞性替代和分句性替代;同理,替代詞也分為名詞替代詞、動詞替代詞和分句替代詞。此外還有狀語的替代。
一、名詞性替代
用名詞性替代詞one (s), the same, the kind, the sort等所表示的替代現象叫做名詞性替代。
1.名詞性替代詞
例1:The child doesn’t like this book. Show him a more interesting one. (one = book)
例2:His novel is a bad one for children. (one = novel)
2.某些不定代詞
在名詞性替代中還可以用一些不定代詞來替代。如all, both, some, any, enough, several, none, many, much, more, (the ) most, (a) few, another, the other, others, either等。例如:
I don't want any more food. I’ve had enough.
3. one 和 ones是最常見的替代詞
one的複數形式是ones.one 和ones作為替代詞隻能用以替代可數名詞, 不可用來替代不可數名詞。例如:
1)The grey horse is stronger than the black one.
2)The new design is much better than the old ones.
4.名詞性物主代詞mine,yours
名詞性物主代詞mine, yours等可用來代替my +名詞,your +名詞等,例如:
“Whose is that coat?” “It’s mine.”
二、動詞性替代
用動詞替代詞do,do so等所表示的替代現象叫做動詞性替代。
1.謂語的替代形式
do是謂語的替代形式,有時态和人稱的變化。例如:
1)Some people like a shower after they have played tennis. Peter does, for example.
2)John speaks German as fluently as Mary does.
2.由do,so等組成的複合替代形式
(1)“so +助動詞+主語”。例如:
“Mary will enter the university in September.” “So will Joan.”
(2)“so +主語+助動詞”。例如:
“I’ve been to Beijing.” ”So you have.”
注:這種結構中第二句的主語與第一句的主語是同一個人,否則應像“so +助動詞+主語”的結構一樣,主謂要倒裝。
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