英語動詞按其是否可以用于進行時态的語義特征,可以分為動态性動詞和靜态性動詞。大量的動詞是動态性的,可以用于進行時态。有一些動詞是靜态性的,不能用于進行時态。還有不少動詞,兼有動态與靜态兩種特性,而其含義是不同的。動态性動詞與靜态性動詞的用法有四個不同之處:
(1)動态性動詞可用于進行時态,而靜态性動詞則不可。這是兩種動詞最根本的區别,例如:
1)John is writing to his father.
(約翰正在給他的父親寫信。)
2)John resembles his father.
(約翰長得像他的父親。)
John is resembling his father.(Impossible)
3)John is painting his house.
(約翰正在油漆他的房子。)
4)John owns a house.
(約翰擁有一所房子。)
John is owning a house.(Impossible)
有些動詞可兼作兩類動詞,但意思不同。動詞“hold”的句子主語是人,則作“握住”解,是個動态性動同;句子主語是處所,則作“容納”解,是個靜态性動詞,例如:
5)a.John is holding a ball in his hands.
b.John has a ball in his hands.
(約翰正用兩手握住球。)
6)a.The bus holds 50 people.
b.50 people can sit in the bus.
(這輛公共汽車能坐五十人。)
動詞have可兼作兩種類型。當作動态性動詞用時,表示動作的發生或過程,相當于take,get,receive,eat,drink等詞,可用于進行時态。當作靜态性動詞用時,表示“擁有”的概念,相當于own,possess等詞,沒有進行時态,例如:
7)a.I was having my coffee quietly.
b.I was drinking my coffee quietly.
(當時我正在默默地喝咖啡。)
8)a.The man has a new car.
b.The man owns a new car.
c.The man possesses a new car.
(這個人有輛新汽車。)
動詞consider後跟名詞作賓語,當“考慮”講,為動态性動詞。後跟that從句作賓語,當“認為”講,為靜态性動詞。 例如:
9)a.We shall consider your application.
b.We shall take your application into consideration.
c.We shall think over your application.
(我們将考慮你的申請。)
10)a.I consider(that)you acted very wisely.
b.I think(that)you acted very wisely.
c.To my mind,you acted very wisely.
(我認為你做得非常明智。)
在動詞詞組apply to中,如果apply當及物動詞用,則是動态性動詞,意為“應用”。如是不及動物詞,則是靜态性動詞,意為“适用于”。例如:
11)a.They are applying the new theory to practice.
b.They are putting the new theory into practice.
(他們正在把這個新理論應用于實踐。)
12)a.What I have said doesn't apply to you.
b.What I have said doesn't concern you.
(我所說的話對你不适用。)
不及物動詞look後跟具有動态含義的前置詞at,便成為動态性動詞。後跟具有靜态含義的前置詞like,便成為靜态性動詞。例如:
13)a.He is looking at the picture on the wall.
b.He is taking a look at the picture on the wall.
(他正在看牆上的畫。)
14)a.He looks like his father.
b.He resembles his father.
(他長得像他的父親。)
有些靜态性動詞,可以充當動态性動詞,用于進行時态,表示委婉的口氣。例如:
15)a.I wonder if I could ask you a question.
b.I'm wondering if I could ask you a question.
(我不知可否問你一個問題。)
16)a.I hope to leave as soon as possible.
b.I'm hoping to leave as soon as possible.
(我希望盡早地離開。)
在現代英語中,有種越來越多地使用進行時态的趨勢,包括靜态性動詞用于進行時态,表示“驚訝”、“責備”、“抱怨”、“批評”等感情色彩。例如:
17)My grandfather is forgetting names nowadays.
(現在我爺爺老是記不起别人的名字。)
18)These old people are all remembering the days of their childhood.
(這些老人居然都還記得他們的童年往事。)
19)The old man is surely imagining things.
(這位老人肯定是在想什麼事情。)
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