第二章 始動性動詞( Inchoative Verb)
始動性動詞是與其相應的延續性動詞(Continuative Verb)相互依賴、相互比較而存在的。下面詳細論述這兩類動詞的特點:
(1)始動性動詞表示由一種狀态向另一種狀态過渡的動作,常用的動詞有get,become,grow,come ,go, turn,wear,run,fall等。延續性動詞則表示該動作保持處同一不變的狀态,常用的動詞有keep,remain, stay等。
我們先以一天的起居為例加以說明。一個人每天通常要經曆get up→be/stay up→go to bed→be/stay in bed→四個循環狀态,其中 get up和 go to bed是始動性動詞, be/stay up和 be/stay in bed是延續性動詞,例如:
1)a.On Sundays he doesn't get up till/until lunch time.
b. On Sundays he stays in bed till/until lunch time.
(星期天他到吃午飯時才起床。)
2) a. She stayed up till/until midnight.
b. She didn't go to bed till/until midnight.
(她一直到半夜才上床睡覺。)
再以睡覺過程為例,要經曆fall asleep/go to sleep →be/remain asleep→wake up→be/remain/stay awake 四個階段,其中 fall asleep/go to sleep和 wake up是始動性動詞,而be/remain asleep和be/remain/stay awake是延續性動詞,例如:
3) a. I shan't go to sleep all night if I have any coffee.
b.I shall stay awake all night if I have any coffee.
(如果我喝了咖啡,我就一夜睡不着。)
4) a. John woke up.
b.John didn't remain asleep.
(約翰醒了。/約翰不睡了。)
5) a. John fell asleep.
b.John didn't remain awake.
(約翰睡着了。/約翰不再是醒着。)
6) a. John didn't wake up.
b. John remained asleep.
(約翰沒醒。/約翰還在睡。)
7) a. John didn't fall asleep.
b. John remained awake.
(約翰沒睡着。/約翰還醒着。)
從上面例子可以看出,始動性動詞表明前一個延續狀态的結束和下一個延續狀态的開始,而延續性動詞則表明保持一種狀态,而不開始下一個始動狀态。
(2)兩類動詞具有相互否定的邏輯關系,試以“去”、“留”兩個動詞為例:
a. stay= not leave/not go away b.leave=no longer stay 例如:
8) a.John didn't stay in.
b. John went out.
(約翰沒呆在家裡。/約翰出去了。)
9) a. The boy didn't go to school yesterday.
b.The boy stayed at home yesterday.
(昨天這個孩子沒上學。/呆在家裡。)
10) a. The student won't leave the university during the summer vacation.
b. The student won't go away from the university during the summer vacation.
c.The student will stay at the university during the summer vacation.
(這個學生暑假不離開學校。/呆在學校裡。)
11) a. Must you go so soon?
b. Can't you stay a bit longer?
c.Can't you stay any longer?
(你非得這麼早走嗎?/你不能多呆一些時候嗎?)
12) a. She is no longer in the city.
b.She no longer stays in the city.
c.She has left the city.
d.She has gone away from the city.
(她已不在這城市裡。/她已離開這座城市。)
再以動詞“行”與“止”為例:
a.still move=not stop yet b.already stop=not move any more 例如:
13) a. The car is still moving.
b. The car is still in motion.
c.The car has not stopped yet.
(汽車仍在行進。/汽車還沒有停下來。)
14) a. The car has already stopped.
b.The car doesn't move any more.
c.The car is no longer in motion.
d. The car is now at rest.
(汽車已經停下來。/汽車不再前行。)
由上所述,始動性動詞是對相應的延續性動詞的否同樣地,延續性動詞也是對相應的始動性動詞的否(3)兩類動詞之間有着緊密的語義邏輯關系,現以始動性動詞begin和延續性動詞continue為例加以說明:
15) a. John began to smoke.
b.John didn't continue not to smoke.
(約翰開始吸煙。/約翰不再戒煙了。)
16) a. John began not to smoke.
b.John didn't continue to smoke.
(約翰開始戒煙。/約翰不再吸煙了。)
17) a. John didn't begin to smoke.
b.John continued not to smoke.
(約翰并沒有開始吸煙。/約翰繼續不吸煙。)
18) a. John didn't begin not to smoke.
b. John continued to smoke.
(約翰并沒有開始戒煙。/約翰繼續吸煙。)
上面四組例句中begin和continue的語義邏輯關系,可以總結如下:
begin to smoke = not continue not to smoke
begin not to smoke = not continue to smoke
not begin to smoke = continue not to smoke
not begin not to smoke = continue to smoke
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