第三章 使役性動詞（Causative Verb）

使役性動詞，簡稱使動詞，表明引起人或物的動作，而産生狀态、位置、姿勢、性質、特征或情感等方面的變化。這類動詞是及物的，後面跟有賓語，分為：

A．普通型使動詞（Common Causative Verb）

B．情感型使動詞（Emotional Causative Verb）

C．行為型使動詞（Act Causative Verb）

D．特征型使動詞（ Characteristic Causative Verb）

現分别論述如後：

A．普通型使動詞：

普通型使動詞主要有 cause，make，let，get，set，have，keep，send，leave，start，stop等，特點是後面跟複合賓語，主要有四種類型：

（1）Causative V．＋sb．＋（to）do sth．

（2）Causative V．＋sb．＋doing sth．

（3）Causative V．＋sth．＋done

（4）Causative V．＋sb．／sth．＋adj．

下面分别闡述四種句型：

（1）Causative V．＋sb．＋（to）do sth．句型：

動詞 cause，get，set，make，have，let等用于這一句型，表示“使”、“令”、“叫”、“請”、“讓”等意思，要注意各自的被動形式。例如：

1）a．His foolishness caused me to lose my temper．

b．His foolishness made me lose my temper．

c．I was caused to lose my temper by his foolishness．（Bad English）

d．I was made to lose my temper by his foolishness．

（他的愚蠢使我大發雷霆。）

2）a．Frost caused the plant to die．

b．Frost made the plant die．（Better）

c．The plant was made to die by frost．

（霜把這棵植物凍死了。）

3）a．He caused the prisoner to be put to death．

b．He had the prisoner put to death．（Better）

（他将這個犯人處以死刑。）

4） a．I got him to go．

b．He was got to go．

（我把他弄走了）。

5）a．I have set the gardener to dig the vegetable garden．

b．The gardener has been set to dig the vegetable garden．

（我讓園丁去挖菜園。）

6）a．I made him understand the problem．

b．He was made to understand the problem．

（我讓他理解這個問題。）

7）a．I had him tell me about the matter．

b．He was had to tell me about the matter．（Impossible）

c．He was made to tell me about the matter．

（我讓他給我講這件事。）

8）a．We let him go．

b．He was let to go（Impossible）．

c．He was made to go．

d．He was allowed to go．

（我們讓他去。）

動詞 give表示“使”、“令”的概念，隻用于 give sb． to understand句型中，例如：

9）a．He gave me to understand that he was right．

b．He made me understand that he was right．

c．I was given to understand that he was right．

d．I was made to understand that he was right．

（他使我明白他是對的。）

動詞beg，request，implore用于這個句型中，表示“請求”、“懇求”、“乞求”的意思，例如：

10）a．He begged me not to leave．

b．I was begged not to leave．

（他求我不要離開。）

11）a．I requested them to stop making such a noise．

b．They were requested to stop making such a noise．

（我請他們停止發出這樣的噪音。）

12）a．I implored him to help the child．

b．He was implored to help the child．

（我求他幫助這孩子。）

動詞ask，invite表示“邀請”的意思，例如：

13）a．I asked him to come again．

b．He was asked to come again．

（我請他再來。）

14）a．We invited her to join our club．

b．She was invited to join our club．

（我們邀請她加入我們的俱樂部。）

動詞force，compel，impel，oblige表示“強迫”、“逼迫”、“迫使”的意思，例如：

15）a．The landlord forced the farm hands to work hard．

b．The farm hands were forced to work hard by the landlord．

（這地主逼迫他的長工賣力幹活。）

16）a．The heavy rain compelled us to stay indoors．

b．We were compelled to stay indoors by the heavy rain．

（大雨逼使我們呆在室内。）

17）a．Hunger impelled me to finish my work quickly．

b．I was impelled to finish my work quickly by hunger．

（肚子餓使我趕快結束工作。）

18）a．Your bad behaviour obliges me to dismiss you．

b．I'm obliged to dismiss you because of your bad behaviour．

（你的惡劣表現逼使我把你開除。）

19）a．They obliged him to sell his house in order to pay his debts．

b．He was obliged to sell his house in order to pay his debts．

（他們逼他賣房子還債）。

動詞tell，order，command，instruct，direct表示“要求”、“命令”、“指令”、“指示”的意思，例如：

20）a．Mother told her children to get up early．

b．The children were told to get up early by their mother．

（媽媽叫孩子們早些起床。）

21）a．The officer ordered his men to fire the guns．

b．The officer ordered the guns to be fired．

c．The soldiers were ordered to fire the guns by their officer．

（那軍官命令他的士兵開槍。）

22）a．The general commanded his soldiers to attack the city．

b．The soldiers were commanded to attack the city by their general．

（這将軍下令他的士兵進攻這座城市。）

23）a．I instructed him to come to work earlier．

b．He was instructed to come to work earlier．

（我叫他早一點來上班。）

24）a．The officer directed his men to advance slowly．

b．The soldiers were directed to advance slowly by their officer．

（軍官命令他的士兵穩步前進。）

動詞press，urge表示“催促”、“敦促”、“慫恿”的意思，例如：

25）a．He pressed me to pay the debt．

b．I was pressed to pay the debt．

（他催我還債。）

26）a．He urged me to go at once．

b．I was urged to go at once．

（他催我馬上走。）

27）a．They urged me to have another try．

b．I was urged to have another try．

（他們慫恿我再試一次。）

動詞Challenge，dare表示“向…挑戰”、“激使”的意思，例如：

28）a．The general challenged the enemy leader to fight．

b．The enemy leader was challenged to fight with the general．

（這位将軍向敵人首領挑戰，要決一高下。）

29）a．The difficulty challenges my mind to find an answer．

b．My mind is challenged to find an answer to the difficulty．

（這個困難激使我設法去應付。）

30）a．He dared me to jump over the stream．

b．I was dared to jump over the stream． （Impossible）

c．I was challenged to jump over the stream．

（他挑唆我跳過這小溪。）

動詞advise表示“勸告”的意思，warn（sb．not to do sth．）表示“警告”的意思，例如：

31）a．The doctor advised me to take a good rest．

b．I was advised to take a good rest．

（醫生要我好好休息。）

32）a．I warned the children not to swim in the river．

b．The children were warned not to swim in the river．

（我告誡孩子們不要到河裡遊泳。）

動詞tempt，invite表示“引誘”、“誘使”的意思，例如：

33）a．The sight of the food tempted the hungry man to steal．

b．The hungry man was tempted to steal at the sight of the food．

（看見了食物，這餓漢不禁動了偷心。）

34）a．The calm water invited us to swim．

b．We were invited to swim in the calm water．

（平靜的水誘使我們下去遊泳。）

動詞teach表示“教導”的意思，例如：

35）a．John taught his dog to shake hands．

b．John's dog was taught to shake hands．

（約翰教他的狗跟人握手。）

動詞drive，spur，stimulate表示“推動”、“刺激”、“激發”的意思，例如：

36）a．Hunger drove John to steal．

b．John was driven by hunger to steal．

（饑餓使得約翰去偷。）

37）a．Pride spurred the man to fight．

b．The man was spurred by pride to fight．

（自尊激發這個人去戰鬥。）

38）a．Praise stimulated Mary to work hard．

b．Mary was stimulated by praise to work hard．

（贊揚激發瑪麗努力工作。）

動詞expect，intend，mean表示“期望”、“意圖”、“打算”的意思，例如：

39）a．We expect you to come at seven this evening．

b．You are expected to come at seven this evening．

（我們希望你晚上七點來。）

40）a．We intend them to finish the work in two days'time．

b．They are intended to finish the work in two day's time．

（我們打算要他們兩天内完成這工作。）

41）a．I didn't mean you to see and read the letter．

b．You weren't meant to see and read the letter．

（我原來沒打算讓你看這封信。）

動詞encourage表示“鼓勵”、“激勵”的意思，例如：

42）a．They encouraged the children to paint pictures．

b．The children were encouraged to paint pictures．

（他們鼓勵這些孩子畫畫。）